Aerospace engineers must have a bachelor's degree in aerospace engineering or another field of engineering or science related to aerospace systems. Aerospace engineers who work on projects that are related to national defense may need a security clearance. U.S. citizenship may be required for certain types and levels of clearances. Aerospace engineers now spend more of their time in an office environment than they have in the past, because modern aircraft design requires the use of sophisticated computer equipment and software design tools, modeling, and simulations for tests, evaluation, and training.
Bachelor's degree programs include classroom, laboratory, and field studies in subjects such as general engineering principles, propulsion, stability and control, structures, mechanics, and aerodynamics, which is the study of how air interacts with moving objects. At some universities, a student can enroll in a 5-year program that leads to both a bachelor's degree and a master's degree upon completion. A graduate degree will allow an engineer to work as an instructor at a university or to do research and development. Programs in aerospace engineering are accredited by ABET.
A Professional Engineering (PE) license, which allows for higher levels of leadership and independence, can be acquired later in one's career. An initial certifying exam, the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam, can be taken after earning a bachelor's degree. Engineers who pass this exam are commonly called engineers in training (EITs) or engineer interns (EIs). After meeting work experience requirements, EITs and EIs can take the second exam, called the Principles and Practice of Engineering. Each state issues its own licenses, although most states recognize licensure from other states, as long as the licensing state's requirements meet or exceed their own.
Aircraft mechanics diagnose mechanical or electrical problems, while avionics equipment mechanics and technicians repair and perform scheduled maintenance on aircraft. Many mechanics are generalists and work on many different types of aircraft, such as jets, piston-driven airplanes, and helicopters. Others specialize in one section, such as the engine, hydraulic system, or electrical system. Airframe and Powerplant (A and P) mechanics are certified generalist mechanics who can independently perform many maintenance and alteration tasks on aircraft. A and P mechanics repair and maintain most parts of an aircraft, including the engines, landing gear, brakes, and air-conditioning system.
Maintenance schedules for aircraft may be based on hours flown, days since the last inspection, trips flown, or a combination of these factors. Maintenance also may need to be done at other times to address specific issues recognized by mechanics or manufacturers. Mechanics use precision instruments to measure wear and identify defects. They may use x-rays or magnetic or ultrasonic inspection equipment to discover cracks that cannot be seen on a plane's exterior. They check for corrosion, distortion, and cracks in the aircraft's main body, wings, and tail. They then repair the metal, fabric, wood, or composite materials that make up the airframe and skin.
Avionics equipment mechanics and technicians repair and perform scheduled maintenance on aircraft. Airplanes require reliable parts and maintenance in order to fly safely. To keep an airplane in operating condition, aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians perform scheduled maintenance, make repairs, and complete inspections. They must follow detailed regulations set by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that dictate maintenance schedules for different operations.
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians typically enter the occupation after attending a Part 147 FAA-approved aviation maintenance technician school. These schools award a certificate of completion that the FAA recognizes as an alternative to the experience requirements stated in regulations. The schools also grant holders the right to take the relevant FAA exams. Mechanics must be at least 18 years of age, be fluent in English, and have 30 months of experience to qualify for the A or the P rating.
Completion of a program at a Part 147 FAA-approved aviation maintenance technician school can substitute for the experience requirement and shorten the time requirements for becoming eligible to take the FAA exams. To keep their certification, mechanics must have completed relevant repair or maintenance work within the previous 24 months. The Inspection Authorization (IA) is available to mechanics who have had an A and P rating for at least 3 years and meet other requirements. IA mechanics are able to review and approve many major repairs and alterations.
The FAA requires that aircraft maintenance be done either by a certified mechanic with the appropriate ratings or authorizations or under the supervision of such a mechanic. The FAA offers separate certifications for bodywork and engine work, but employers may prefer to hire mechanics who have both Airframe and Powerplant (A and P) ratings. The A and P ratings generally certify that aviation mechanics meet basic knowledge and ability standards.
Avionics technicians typically are certified through a repair station for the specific work they perform on aircraft, or they hold the Airframe rating to work on an aircraft's electronic and flight instrument systems. An Aircraft Electronics Technician (AET) certification is available through the National Center for Aerospace Transportation Technologies (NCATT). It certifies that aviation mechanics have a basic level of knowledge in the subject area, but it is not required by the FAA for any specific tasks. Avionics technicians who work on communications equipment may need to have the proper radiotelephone operator certification issued by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
Aerospace engineers held about 69,600 jobs in 2017. The median annual wage for aerospace engineers was $109,650 in May 2017. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $69,150, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $160,290. Engineers who direct projects must often work extra hours to monitor progress, to ensure that designs meet requirements, to determine how to measure aircraft performance, to see that production meets design standards, and to ensure that deadlines are met.
Employment of aerospace engineers is projected to grow 6 percent from 2017 to 2026, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Aircraft are being redesigned to cause less noise pollution and have better fuel efficiency, which will help sustain demand for research and development. Also, new developments in small satellites, such as cubesats, which are used for many purposes such as communications or gathering data, are now coming into greater commercial viability. Aerospace engineers will be well positioned to benefit from their increased use. The growing commercial viability of unmanned aerial systems will also help drive growth of the occupation.
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians held about 132,000 jobs in 2017. The median annual wage for aircraft mechanics and service technicians was $60,170 in May 2017. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $35,960, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $87,880. Overall employment of aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians is projected to grow 5 percent from 2017 to 2026. Mechanics and technicians work in hangars, in repair stations, or on airfields, which can be dangerous work. They must meet strict deadlines while following safety standards. Mechanics may work outside on the airfield, or in climate-controlled shops and hangars.
| Links below list current openings: | Starting Salary (up to) |
10 Year Salary (up to) |
| Aerospace Engineers | $89,260 | $124,550 |
| Aircraft Mechanics | $39,300 | $71,780 |
| Android Apps | $84,350 | $97,900 |
| Architects | $69,760 | $104,970 |
| Biotechnology | $70,900 | $129,510 |
| Chemists | $66,040 | $106,310 |
| Civil Engineers | $72,120 | $104,420 |
| Electrical Engineers | $78,900 | $115,240 |
| Environmental Engineers | $72,590 | $106,230 |
| Graphic Design | $49,300 | $58,000 |
| Industrial Engineering | $70,630 | $100,980 |
| Maintenance Technician | $63,230 | $73,810 |
| Linux/Perl/C++ | $79,920 | $95,350 |
| Mechanical Engineers | $63,230 | $94,690 |
| .NET Developer | $88,620 | $108,000 |
| Network Analysts | $65,230 | $91,550 |
| Robotics | $82,160 | $92,550 |
| Solar Energy | $81,050 | $104,930 |
| Software Development | $79,920 | $95,250 |
| Surveying | $23,640 | $43,140 |
| SWIFT, iOS | $85,400 | $110,720 |
| Technical Writers | $60,850 | $91,720 |
| Urban Planners | $58,940 | $86,880 |
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